Graham was the ultimate value investor, and learning where he came from and how he built his legend is almost as inspiring as the fact that his strategies continue to deliver, notes John Reese of Validea Hot List.
Today, many investors look to Warren Buffett for advice about the stock market and the economy. But before he became one of the world's richest men and greatest investors, there was someone whose investment advice Buffett himself cherished: Benjamin Graham.
And Buffett was far from alone. Known as "The Father of Value Investing," Graham inspired a number of famous "sons"—Mario Gabelli, John Neff, John Templeton, and most famously, Buffett, are all Graham disciples who went on to their own stock market greatness.
So, just who was Graham? Born in England in 1894 as Benjamin Grossbaum (his family later changed its surname to Graham during World War I, when German names were viewed with suspicion), Graham built his reputation—and fortune—by using an extremely conservative, low-risk approach to investing. To him, preserving one's original capital was every bit as important as netting big gains, and two factors from his early years may show why.
The first was Graham's own family's fall from financial comfort to poverty not long after his father died when he was nine. The second involved his first major business venture, an investment firm he founded with Jerome Newman.
Just three years after opening, the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression arrived. Graham's clients, like just about everyone else, were hit hard, according to Graham biographer Janet Lowe, and Graham worked without compensation for five years until his clients' fortunes were fully restored.
Having lived through both his own family's financial troubles and the market crash, it's no surprise that the strategy Graham laid out in his classic book The Intelligent Investor was a conservative, loss-averse approach.
To Graham, an investment wasn't something that could be turned into quick, easy profits. Anything that offers such "easy" rewards also comes with substantial risk, and Graham abhorred risk. True "investment," he wrote, deals with the future "more as a hazard to be guarded against than as a source of profit through prophecy."
In terms of specifics, Graham's "Defensive Investor" approach limited risk in a number of ways, and my Graham-based model lays out several of those methods. For example, one key criterion is that a firm's current ratio—that is, the ratio of its current assets to its current liabilities—is at least two, showing that the firm is in good financial shape.
The approach also targets financially sound firms by requiring that long-term debt not exceed net current assets. Two other criteria the Graham method uses to find low-risk plays: the price-to-earnings ratio and the price-to-book ratio.
Graham wanted P/E ratios to be no greater than 15 (and, as another signal of his conservative style, he looked not only at trailing 12-month earnings but also at three-year average earnings, to ensure that one-year anomalies didn't skew the P/E). For the price-to-book ratio, he used a more unusual standard: He believed that the P/E ratio multiplied by the P/B ratio should be no greater than 22.
My Graham-inspired strategy tends to find bargains across a variety of areas of the market. Here are the five current holdings of the ten-stock Graham portfolio:
Forest Laboratories (FRX)
Curtiss-Wright (CW)
Helmerich & Payne (HP)
NTT DoCoMo (DCM)
United Stationers (USTR)
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